Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Modernism and Joyce Terms.
Hi Everyone: In the comment section below, please post what you found about the Modernist / Joyce terms you researched. Please also include a citation using MLA format for a website at the bottom of your entry. Try to avoid Wikipedia. Try to get across what you think is most essential to know about your particular term(s) for the benefit of your classmates. Thanks, Mr. Telles.
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Dada: A literary and artistic movement that was fueled by the horrors experienced during in WWI, which aimed to challenge the concept of what defines art. It ignores most “rules” and standards of art and makes use of collage and ready-made objects.
ReplyDeleteStream of Consciousness: A method of interior monologue, a representation of a character's thoughts and feelings, that utilizes a freely-flowing style to show a character’s thought process.
Works Cited
Esaak, S.. N.p.. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
. N.p.. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
Cubism- A type of modern art that was created by Pablo Picasso and George Braques, Cubism was an attempt by artists to revitalize the tired traditions of western art which they believed had run their course. Cubists challenged the constraints of art and developed it into a new view of art in the modern age. Cubism was a more radical approach to painting, during the time photography and other technologies where coming into the picture, painting and drawing were being left behind.
ReplyDeleteExplication- An in depth explanation or analysis of a literary work or idea.
Works Cited
"Explicate." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
"Cubism - The First Style of Abstract Art." Cubism. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013
Futurism
ReplyDeleteFuturism was a movement in art that began in Italy in 1909-1944 which focused on modern aspects and technology. Futurism occurred during the same time as Fascism, and both acknowledged the time of structure through machines and war. The goal of futurism was to capture memories and images that one sees. This movement in art influenced Constructivism and Cubism.
"Futurism Definition - Creative Glossary." Futurism Definition - Creative Glossary. Creativeglossary.com, 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Epiphany
James Joyce’s definition of an epiphany is that it serves as a narrative technique during a conclusion of a story. When a character has an epiphany, that character has gained a greater insight. Joyce places these moments at times with an undertone of dramatic irony and letting the insight happen due to everyday events. This website characterizes the everyday events “to embody the particular meaning of the insight.” This term plays an important role in “The Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man” by James Joyce.
"Contexts | Epiphany." Eng205 The Modern British Novel. Reed College, Spring 2006. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Constructivism originated in Russia at the end of the 20th century. It strived for a careful, technical analysis of modern materials, to match up with the Communist society. It started an entirely new approach to making objects, which worked to step away from the traditional artistic concern with composition and replace it with ‘construction’. This constructive approach would translate very well into factories instead of artistic studios. Constructivism focused on carrying out a fundamental analysis of the materials and forms of art, leading to the design of functional objects instead of the expression of beauty and personal outlook. Although by the mid-1920s Russian Constructivism was on the decline, it influenced a movement across the Western world known as International Constructivism.
ReplyDeleteNg, Tracee. "Constructivism." The Art Story. The Art Story Foundation, n.d. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
The affective fallacy is the misconception of judging the emotional effects of a poem as the poem itself. It is a confusion between what the poem is and what the results of the poem are. It argues that the reader’s response to a poem is not the ultimate indication of its value; that one can separate the opinion and feelings of a poem versus the analysis of a poem.
"Wimsatt and Beardsley on "The Affective Fallacy"." . N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
IMAGISM
ReplyDeleteImagism was a movement in 1912 that basically created expression. The use of limits and rules were cut out, leaving a person to show feeling through the use of clear and precise visual images. There is a new freedom, in the choice of subject and in the choice of free verse. All the regulations were cut out in order to be able to express in your own way. It was inspired by the revolt against the careless thinking and romantic optimism that was being observed over time.
"Imagism." Imagism (defined). N.p., 18 July 2007. Web. 06 Nov. 2013
VIRGINIA WOOLF
Virginia Woolf was a writer with a modernist style. Each novel she wrote changed in style, representing art that was currently being integrated into society. Her writing showed her personality, which led to a lot of controversy. Her mental state brought in a lot of confusion, but then again made her writing more noticeable. During the time of modernism everyone was expressing human experience in different forms. Virginia used her writing to give a more female perspective.
Lewis, Pericles. "Virginia Woolf." - Modernism Lab Essays. Yale University, 2010. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Marianne Moore was a poet that had a large influence of the concise language that arose in the Modernist movement. She is famous for her descriptions and observations of people, animals, and art. She was also an editor for the literary magazine Dial.
ReplyDelete"Marianne Moore." : The Poetry Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
William Faulkner is also considered one of the chiefest writers in American and Southern Literature. His writing had a signifigant influence on the modernist movement. Faulker was also well acknowledged for his work; he won 2 Pulitzer Prizes and the Nobel Prize in Literature in his lifetime.
"William Faulkner- Biography." William Faulkner. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Charles Parnell: (1846-1891) Parnell was an Irish nationalist and was elected into parliament as part of the House Rule League. He led the battle in the 1880’s for the Irish Home Rule. He stood against the Irish land laws and was elected president of the National Land League in 1878. Parnell encouraged people to organize boycotts and was sent to jail because of this. In 1889 one of his supporters, William Shay, filed for divorce on the account that his wife was having an affair with Parnell. Because of this scandal Charles Parnell was replaced as the leader of his party and lost all influence he had obtained.
ReplyDelete"Charles Parnell (1846-1891)." BBC News. BBC, 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Michael Davitt: (1846-1906) Davitt was born in the midst of the Great Famine in Ireland. At the age of eleven Davitt was working in a cotton mill and had an accident leading to the amputation of his arm. In 1865 Michael Davitt became part of the Irish Republican movement and joined the Fenians. He became a firearms salesmen for the sole purpose of covering up his help in the revolution. He was arrested for treason and sentenced to fifteen years in prison, but released after seven because other revolutionaries fought to free him. Davitt traveled to the United States and made speeches promoting his cause for an Irish Revolution. Davitt’s slogan was “the land of Ireland for the people of Ireland” because he wanted to stop landlordism. Michael Davitt worked alongside Charles Parnell in forming a revolution.
O’Riordan, Tomás A. "Movements for Political & Social Reform, 1870– 1914."Multitext. UCC, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Gertrude Stein was the author who coined the term "the lost generation" in reference to the writers and artists living in Paris in the 1920s. She was greatly inspired by Picasso's cubism and she wanted to do the same but in writing. She subtracted plain meaning from her prose. Her works were very philosophical, deliberately arranged, mindful, and extreme. Some works include "Tender Buttons" and "The Making of Americans."
ReplyDeleteOzick, Cynthia. "A Prophet of Modernism: Gertrude Stein." The New York Times. The New York Times, 24 Nov. 1996. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
"Gertrude Stein." The Poetry Foundation. The Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
William Carlos Williams was a doctor and poet from New Jersey. He, along with Ezra Pound and Hilda Doolittle, founded the Imagist movement in poetry. His works are described as swift, uncluttered, functioning, and honest. He used imagination to affirm reality. He also often incorporated medicine into his works because of his background as a doctor. Some works include "The Red Wheelbarrow" and "The Cold Night."
"William Carlos Williams." The Poetry Foundation. The Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Explication
ReplyDeleteis the examination of any rhetorical strategy the author of a work employs. For example, theologians may argue over how to explicate a certain passage of the good book. The examiner will want to consider aspects as rhythm, SOAPSTone, syntax, diction, etc and sundry. In the broadest sense, whenever one describes a works implications he is effectively "doing explication" (sic).
To be continued...
Aestheticism
Deletewas an art movement that took place after the Romanticism period and during the latter half of the 19th century. It focused on the pursuit of art and beauty (whatever that meant) and took a kind of anti-Victorian approach to things. They were no longer concerned with morality or values and many taboos were indulged in and new freedoms reached. This movement is all about a philosophy that goes "art for art's sake," meaning writers should write on matters independent of the world outside. Political issues and/or contemporary historical references should have no place in books, they say. Famous people who made similar arguments over how to compose a book include Oscar Wilde and Aubrey Beardsley.
People who live an aesthetic lifestyle, on the other hand, are hedonists that live it up.
Works Cited
Baker, Lyman A. . N.p.. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
Laws, Delanie. N.p.. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
looks like the url got cut off
Deletehttp://www-personal.ksu.edu/~lyman/english320/cc-explication.htm
http://britlitwiki.wikispaces.com/Aestheticism
Realism:
ReplyDeleteRealism is known to the literary practice as “the faithful representation of reality”. It is a technique, but it is also able to denote the middle-class life. Realism came about during the civil war through the turn of the century, including writers such as Mark Twain and Rebecca Harding Davis. Realism was encompassed by the entire country, but was found more predominantly in the south and midwest regions., however, the more famous writers were located in the New England area.
Campbell, Donna. "Realism in American Literature." Literary Movements. Dept. of English, Washington State University, 07 04 2013. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
Close Reading:
A close reading is when you take a specific passage and analyze it finely. To analyze it, you will comment on things such as points of style, reactions, and general observations. Close reading is the important basis for a larger analysis of a work as a whole.
Wheeler, L Kip, Dr. "Close Reading of a Literary Passage." Dr. Wheeler's Website. N.p., 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Constructivism- Constructivism evolved in 1917, and was the last and one of the most influential movements to go to Russia. It called for an analysis of modern materials, in hope that it would eventually lead to ideas that could be used in mass production. The movement foundered making the transition from the artist’s studio to the factory. Constructivists proposed to replace art's traditional concern with composition with a focus on construction. Objects were to be created not in order to express beauty, or the artist's outlook, or to represent the world, but to carry out a fundamental analysis of the materials and forms of art, one which might lead to the design of functional objects.
ReplyDelete"Constructivism Movement, Artists and Major Works." The Art Story.org - Your Guide to Modern Art. The Art Story Foundation, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Samuel Beckett- Beckett is an Irish playwright, poet, and novelist. His most famous novel was Waiting for Godot. James Joyce strongly influenced Beckett, and Beckett went on to influence many subsequent writers. Beckett is considered one of the fathers of the Postmodernist movement. In 1926, Beckett moved to Paris and met James Joyce, whom he very well respected. Beckett’s work is seen as writing that makes the shift from modernism to postmodernism. He had ties with modernism due to his connection to Joyce, but his work helped develop literature away from Modernism. Beckett was writing similar to the way Joyce did, and in 1945, he had a realization that in order to not be following Joyce’s exact footsteps, he must focus more on the poverty of language and man as a failure.
"Samuel Beckett - Biography." The European Graduate School Library. European Graduate School, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
A Villanelle is a complicated form of poetry that originated in France and only started to become popular in English around the 1800's. Jean Passerat wrote the earliest one in the 16th century titled “J’ai perdu ma tourtourelle” (“I Have Lost My Turtle Dove”). Edmund Gosse gave it a structure for people to follow, though it is still confusing with repeating lines and specific rhyme schemes.
ReplyDeleteDante wrote a book called Dante's Inferno, in which he is lead by Virgil through levels of hell. The Bible and other scriptures do not talk about Hell too often, or what it is like, so people usually visualize Dante's interpretation. The levels of hell are for the sins on has committed, and after witnessing the horrors such as demons torturing humans and the punishments one receives for their actions, Dante can then relent and ask for forgiveness from God. His religious and literary influence impact the works of T.S Eliot, Ezra Pound, and the author we are studying currently, James Joyce.
Devera, John. "The Historic Importance of Inferno by Dante Alighieri." Humanities 360. N.p., 05 Aug 2008. Web. 6 Nov 2013.
Holman, Bob, and Margery Snyder. "Villanelle." aabout.com. About.com. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
New Criticism
ReplyDeleteNew Criticism is movement that critiqued literature through text rather than focusing on the author’s intent. It was the predominant critical form of analyzation from the 1940’s to the 1960’s. The idea was created through John Crowe Ransom’s book titled, “The New Criticism” and quickly became the way to analyze poetry and writing. Instead of people incorporating the author’s biographical and historical background into what they were interpreting, instead the literature was interpreted by how clear and insightful the text was.
Ellis-Christensen, Tricia, and Niki Foster. "What Is New Criticism?" WiseGeek. Conjecture, 29 Oct. 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. .
Wallace Stevens
Wallace Stevens was born on October 2, 1879 in Reading Pennsylvania. He attended Harvard University with intent to become a successful lawyer, but however found himself falling in love with the idea of writing poetry. He first sent in a group of his poems to Harriet Monroe as part of a contest in a poetry magazine, and although he did not win his poems were published by Monroe that year. As the years went on Stevens found himself publishing books of poems, that appeared to have “wholly original style and sensibility.” Just a year before Wallace Steven’s death, he published a book of “Collected Poems” which then he received widespread recognition.
"Wallace Stevens." Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, 04 Apr. 2005. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. .
The Jesuit Order is a Roman Catholic order founded by St. Ignatius in 1534. There are four classes within this society. Authority is based on democracy. It's purpose was to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among those who do not have a religion. It focuses on education and scholarship. James Joyce
ReplyDeletePollen, John Hungerford. "The Society of Jesus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 6 Nov. 2013 .
St. Thomas Aquinas is the declared doctor of the Church or the Angelicus Doctor. He was trained in logic and natural sciences. He often asked God for integrity of his mind and body. As his life story goes, two angels told him his prayer was heard. As a priest, he would give specific instructions and refer to Scriptures that related to that order in his sermons. His life was based on prayer, education and journeys. His final work was the Summa Theologica, which was an introduction to Christianity for beginners.
Kennedy, Daniel. "St. Thomas Aquinas." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 6 Nov. 2013 .
Futurism
ReplyDeleteFounded by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1909
Published his personal manifesto of futurism, featured on the front page of Le Figaro, a Paris newspaper
February 20
Art movement
Pre-WWI
Radical Italian artists composed most of the futurists
Used to promote the beauty of modern society and technology
“out with the old, in with the new” mentality
blended neo-impressionism and cubism
try to depict the motion and energy of their society
major artists included
Giacomo Balla
Umberto Boccioni
Carlo Carra
Gino Severini
Luigi Russolo
"Futurism." Tate. Tate Museum. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
Expressionism
Expressionism is all about emotions and spiritualism in the early 1900’s
very prominent in northern Europe, focused in Germany
Key artists looked within for self-expression
Vincent VanGogh
Edvard Munch
Die Brucke
founded as a guidance for expressionism
artistic community with bohemian lifestyle
"Expressionism." Expressionism- The Spirit of Expressionist Art. N.p.. Web. .
F. Scott Fitgerald was a huge influence on the Modernism movement in that his novels were inspired by the lows and highs of his own life; the dissipation of his marriage with Zelda and his constant struggle for income and literary recognition. He is compared with Hemingway for they both reflect in their writing the idea's of Freud: death and the struggle of accepting death and the question of love's invincibility. Fitzgerald's books are very real (more real than realism) because they come straight form his own experiences; the straight truth that many people face. During Fitzgerald's life, he made an adequate amount of money and was well-known, but died with many negative reviews and not a terribly strong following. His books were revived in the 40s and 50s before they, "The Great Gatsby" in particular, were realized as great American works of the 1900s.
ReplyDeleteBruccoli, Matthew J., and Judith S. Baughman. "A Brief Life of Fitzgerald." F. Scott Fitzgerald Biography. Simon and Schuster, 2009. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Intentional Fallacy is the idea that a piece of writing has a planned purpose; it was not written for fun, and that for a critic to judge a piece they must know the writer's original intention. A piece is looked at as a tangible object; something that is, not "means".
Intentional fallacy examines a literary piece in three parts: internal, external, and intermediate. The internal part is what is public, or what readers can get out of the piece through the syntax, structure, etc. The external part if private, what is assumed; why and how the author wrote the work. The intermediate part is semi-private, it is the ideas, descriptions, plot points that are related to the author and his own life.
Wimsatt, Jr., and Monroe C. Beardsley. "THE INTENTIONAL FALLACy." THE INTENTIONAL FALLACy. University of Kentucky Press, 1954. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Bryson, Michael. "Wimsatt and Beardsley." Wimsatt and Beardsley. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Structuralism:
ReplyDeleteStructuralism is a form of intellectual analysis incorporating literature, linguistics, anthropology, or psychology. In other words, it is referred as “a mode of thought.” It is an analysis of human behavior, cognition, experience, and culture.
"Structuralism ." Guru Vishnu Bhat . Guru Vishnu Bhat , 22 Oct 2011. Web. 6 Nov 2013.
"Definition of structuralism in English." Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press , n.d. Web. 6 Nov 2013.
Ezra Pound:
Ezra Pound is primarily known for encouraging a modernist aesthetic in poetry. He promoted a movement in poetry called Imagism, which he stated was aimed to "compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of the metronome." Ezra Pound was born in 1885 in the United States, although he moved to Italy in 1924, where he became involved in Fascist politics. He soon became mentally ill, however writers merely look at Ezra Pound's poetic achievements.
"Ezra Pound ." Poets. Academy of American Poets , n.d. Web. 6 Nov 2013.
Edward Estlin Cummings, otherwise known as e.e. cummings is most well-known for his poetry. As a young man, Cummings was fascinated by the modern art movement, specifically Cubism and Impressionism. He experimented with word arrangements and letters, and tried to make his poetry not only an auditory experience but a visual one as well. His poetry was both “verbal expression and art.” Cummings took advantage of the arrangement of the shape of his poetry as well as the sounds they made. He broke away from the previous barriers of poetry in this way. He was an innovator amongst poetry, and so is considered a modernist artist.
ReplyDeleteKirsch, Adam. "The Rebellion of E.E. Cummings." Harvard Magazine. N.p., Mar. 2005. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. .
Thurman, Caryn. "E. E. Cummings." Literary Kicks. N.p., 21 Feb. 2003. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. .
Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis, which is the study of the unconscious mind. He believes that people’s “natural desires,” such as adultery, murder, and homosexuality, are repressed by society, which looks at these as taboos. According to Freud, this repression is what inspires modernists. Modernists strive to break away from the norm, the expected, and the barriers that society has put in place. Freud’s concept of the “subconscious dimension of the mind” has had a big influence on modernism. He believes that there is a conflicting force beyond the conscious mind. According to Freud, the truth can be found “below the surface.” Freud is also fascinated by dreams and dream interpretation.
"History of Modernism." History of Modernism. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. .
"Sigmund Freud." Sigmund Freud. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. .
Formalism:
ReplyDeleteIt is an approach to literature that is basic and uses the different parts of the story, such as plot, perspective and setting to explain what needs to be understood.
It is also known as new critisism
Formalist base their analysis on historical patterns and literary devices.
Murfin, Ross, and Supryia Ray. "Definition of Formalism."Critical Approaches . Bedford Books, n.d. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
Emile Zola:
He was a French arthur in the late 1800’s. He began his writing career while suffering living in poverty. He had failed the required exams for further education, but had always enjoyed writing fiction. He pursued his passion and wrote novels such as Therese Raquin and Madeleine. Later in life Zola practiced naturalist principles and wrote many pieces on it along with fiction, critisim and theory.
Berg, William. "Emile Zola." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica . Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
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ReplyDeleteFormalism:
ReplyDeleteFormalism is a very conservative way of thinking. Emphasis is put on traditional structure. In the twentieth century formalism became increasingly important in the aesthetic theory of current art. It had to look traditional and authentic.
"ART TERMS." MoMA.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Kitty O’Shea:
Katherine O’Shea became Kitty O’Shea after leaving William O’Shea and marrying Charles Parnell. The relationship between Parnell and Kitty was seen to a threat to “Victorian Morality” as adultery is prohibited by the Ten Commandments. This relationship had serious repercussions for Parnell as he lost a lot of support for his political party. The nickname Kitty was a slang word for prostitute that Parnell’s enemies used to attempt to undermine his political power.
"Ireland's Misfortune: The Turbulent Life of Kitty O'Shea." Times Higher Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2013.
Vorticism was a British art movement started in 1914 by Wyndham Lewis. The movement is characterized by its opposition to normal Futurism. While Futurism was geared more towards organic or abstract shapes, vorticism involves more geometric compositions and defined features. Vorticism was gone by 1920, as the horrifying mechanistic power exerted in World War I contradicted vorticists’ beliefs that new industrialism was the way to counter old industrialism.
ReplyDeleteErnest Hemingway (1899-1961) was an American author best known for his concise and exact writing style. Most of his work was done during the Modernist era, including The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929). Hemingway’s prose can be seen as in opposition to the extravagant, detailed, and structured style of past eras. The small amount of description and basic sentence structure found in his works leave much of the narrative up to interpretation and in no way inhibits the reader’s perspective.
Cork, Richard. "Vorticism." MoMA.org. Oxford University Press, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2013. .
Frenz, Horst. Nobel Lectures Literature: Including Presentation Speeches and Laureates' Biographies ; 1901-1967. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1969. Print.
Surrealism:
ReplyDeleteAccording to thefreedictionary.com, surrealism is an artistic and literary movement, which started in the 20th century, that focuses on the subconscious and how it can be expressed through imagery and juxtaposition of “incongruous images.” Realism attempts to express the true and raw thought of the mind by including dream-like elements. Surrealism developed from a group of writers who practiced automatic writing. Automatic writing is when the writer does not write consciously about a specific subject, but instead allows whatever words that come to his/her mind to be written on the paper. Later, writers combined automatic writing with specific images that they believe the subconscious has associations with in order to create the message in their work.
"Automatic Writing." Crystal Links. Crystal Links, 2013. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
"A Brief Guide To Surrealism." Poets.org: From the Academy of American Poets. The academy of American Poets, 2013. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
"Surrealism." The Free Dictionary. Farlex inc., 2013. Web. 6 Nov 2013. .
William Carlos Williams:
William Carlos Williams is an American poetry writer who grew up in New Jersey. While he went to school for medicine and became a doctor, he also spent a great deal of his life as a writer. While in school, William met Ezra Pound, who had a tremendous amount of influence over both William’s life style and writing style. He, Pound, and several other friends became the inciting force in the imagist movement. The imagist movement emphasized the precision of writing and using clear, sharp language. Being a doctor, Williams wrote often about humanity and, specifically, the American people.
"William Carlos Williams." Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, 2013. Web. 7 Nov 2013. .
John Dos Passos
ReplyDeletePassos was a radical, american artist. He was born in Chicago Illinois and attended Harvard. He enjoyed traveling. He traveled to places such as Europe and the Middle East.While in Europe he learned a lot of literature and art.After serving in WWI he published a book called One Man's Initiation. He conveyed his political opinions through his writing. He was inspired by a lot of the European modernist movements.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dos_Passos