Midyear Exam Literary Terms
Midyear Exam Literary Vocabulary
Sonnets & Poetry (21)
English (Shakespearean) Sonnet, Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet, Iambic Pentameter, Meter, Iamb, Rhyme Scheme, Volta, Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance, Stanza, Octet, Sestet, Quatrain, Couplet, Enjambment, End rhyme, Full rhyme, Near/Off/Half/Slant Rhyme, Sonnet Sequence/Sonnet Cycle/Corona/Crown of Sonnets, Blank Verse
Other Types of Poems (5)
free verse, villanelle, sestina, terza rima, ballads
Other Poetic Techniques (3)
anaphora, epistrophe, inversion
Figurative Language (16)
figurative language, simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, apostrophe, conceit, hyperbole, pun, double entendre, rhetorical question (=erotema), oxymoron, paradox, synesthesia, denotation, connotation
Irony (4)
irony, verbal irony, situational irony, dramatic irony
Narration (5)
narration, first person narration, third person limited narration, third person omniscient narration, stream of consciousness
Writing Style (9)
style, voice, diction, syntax, tone, mood, dialect, colloquialism, vernacular
Character (13)
characterization, direct characterization, indirect characterization, dynamic character, static character, round character, flat character, foil, protagonist, antagonist, tragic hero, antihero
Plot & Events (10)
Plot, exposition, inciting action, rising action, climax, denouement (resolution), flashback, foreshadowing, internal conflict, external conflict,
Other Literary Terms from First Semester (4)
motif, symbol, epigraph, epiphany
Denotation: the explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression, as distinguished from the ideas or meanings associated with it or suggested by it; the association or set of associations that a word usually elicits for most speakers of an language, as distinguished from those elicited for any individual speaker because of personal experience.
ReplyDeleteExample:
Denotation is considered to be of a referential nature and is contrasted with connotation.
Site: http://www.ask.com/question/use-the-word-denotation-in-a-sentence
Connotation: the associated or secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning
Example: A dove implies peace or gentility.
Site:
http://literarydevices.net/connotation/
Irony:
a technique of indicating, as through character or plot development, an intention or attitude opposite to that which is actually or ostensibly stated.
Example: The butter is as soft as a marble piece.
Site: http://literarydevices.net/irony/
Oxymoron:
ReplyDeleteAn expression that is composed of contrasts, uses contradictory words.
ex) “thunderous silence”
Paradox:
A statement that leads to contradiction or defying logic or reason; self contradiction.
ex) “I always lie.”This works as a paradox because if it is true it must be false.
Synesthesia:
Is the process of responding a certain way. When one type of sensation produces a secondary subjective sensation.
ex) When one sees a particular color in response to certain music.
http://www.babylon.com/define/58/literary-terms-dictionary.html
Double Entendre
ReplyDeleteA double entendre is a phrase that can be interpreted or understood to have two different meanings.
Example:
Slow Children Crossing the Road (Traffic Sign)
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/double-entendre-examples.html
http://princesswithapen.hubpages.com/hub/Double-Entendre-A-literary-device
Rhetorical Question
A rhetorical question is a question that is asked in which no answer is expected to be given. This literary device is often used convey persuasion.
Example:
“If practice makes perfect, and one’s perfect, then why practice?” –Billy Corgan
http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/rhetquesterm.htm
Voice
Voice is separate from the tone of the author’s work, because voice is the author’s attitude, or vision.
Example:
The poet Sylvia Plath's voice might be called that of a victimized daughter, wife, and mother.
http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/reading-writing/on-line/lit-terms.html
Meter
ReplyDeleteMeters are used in poetry to describe the stresses and flow of the lines. It shows what order stressed and unstressed syllables come in and what they mean for the tone of the poem. There are five main meters, iambs, trochees, spondees, anapests, and dactyls. In poetry one unit of rhythm is called a foot.
Examples: (stressed=/ and bolded) (unstressed=x)
“The meters with two-syllable feet are
IAMBIC (x /) : That time of year thou mayst in me behold
TROCHAIC (/ x): Tell me not in mournful numbers
SPONDAIC (/ /): Break, break, break/ On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
Meters with three-syllable feet are
ANAPESTIC (x x /): And the sound of a voice that is still
DACTYLIC (/ x x): This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlock (a trochee replaces the final dactyl)”
"Rhythm and Meter in English Poetry." Rhythm and Meter in English Poetry. University of Pennsylvania, 18 July 2007. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Iamb
An iamb is a type of metrical foot that is defined by an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iamb is the most common meter in poetry because it is closest to the English way of speaking.
Examples:
The words: “unite” and “provide”.
or
“After Apple Picking” by Robert Frost
My long two-pointed ladder’s sticking through a tree
Toward heaven still,
And there’s a barrel that I didn’t fill
Beside it, and there may be two or three
Apples I didn’t pick upon some bough.
But I am done with apple-picking now.
Essence of winter sleep is on the night,
The scent of apples: I am drowsing off.
"Glossary Terms." Iamb : Glossary Term : Learning Lab : The Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Rhyme Scheme
Rhyming is the repetition of syllables in words that usually have that same sound in their last stressed syllable. Rhyme schemes is usually the pattern in which the end of lines of a stanza rhyme in poetry. When identifying a rhyme scheme letters of the alphabet are assigned to each sound to identify when it is repeated in the stanza.
Examples:
“Midstairs” by Virginia Hamilton Adair
And here on this turning of the stair A
Between passion and doubt, B
I pause and say a double prayer, A
One for you, and one for you; C
And so they cancel out. B
"Glossary Terms." Rhyme : Glossary Term : Learning Lab : The Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Simile: Comparing two unlike things using like or as.
ReplyDeleteOrigins-Middle English, from Latin, comparison, from neuter of similis. First Known Use: 14th century
Ex) Seiken’s is as fierce as a lioness protecting her cubs.
Metaphor: Comparing two unlike things without using like or as. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another
Origins- Middle English methaphor, from Middle French or Latin. First Known Use: 15th century
Ex) Emma Watson’s is a flower in wasteland of British Culture.
Metonymy: A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name but rather the name of something associated with it, something that embodies it.
Origins- Latin metonymia, from Greek metōnymia, from meta- + -ōnymon –onym. First Known Use: 1547
Ex) Crown for royalty, Obama for United States, Hollywood for film industry, Lord of the Rings for Tolkien
Work Cited:
Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
Volta
ReplyDeleteVolta is a turn, or shift in thought within a sonnet. It can be indicated with words such as but, yet, or and yet.
Ex.
My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damask’d, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.
And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.
Encyclopedia Britannica, on. "Volta." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of (usually) the initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words, or syllables.
Ex.
Sally sells seashells by the seashore
"Alliteration." Merriam-Webster. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Assonance
-Resemblance of sounds in words and syllables
-Repetition of vowels without repetition of consonants
Ex.
Hear the mellow wedding bells,
Golden bells!
What a world of happiness their harmony foretells!
Through the balmy air of night
How they ring out their delight!
From the molten-golden notes,
And an in tune,
What a liquid ditty floats
To the turtle-dove that listens, while she gloats
"Assonance." Merriam-Webster. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletefree verse: a style of poetry that is free from poetic constraints such as regular metre and fixed forms, though they can still use elements associated with both such as rhyme, alliteration, rhythms and cadences
ReplyDeleteEx: “What is Poetry?” John Ashbery
http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoem.do?poemId=93
villanelle: “a nineteen-line poem with two repeating rhymes and two refrains, made up of five tercets followed by a quatrain. The first and third lines of the opening tercet are repeated alternately in the last lines of the succeeding stanzas; then in the final stanza, the refrain serves as the poem's two concluding lines. Using capitals for the refrains and lowercase letters for the rhymes, the form could be expressed as: A1 b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / a b A1 A2.”
Ex. Dylan Thomas’s "Do not go gentle into that good night":
http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15377
sestina: a thirty-nine line poem characterized for its intricate repetition. The last words from each line in the first stanza are repeated throughout the next five six-line stanzas. It only using the first, third, and fifth end-words in the ending envoi. The line can vary in length, though it follows a syllabic restriction. The form is as follows, with each letter representing a repeated end-word.:
1. ABCDEF
2. FAEBDC
3. CFDABE
4. ECBFAD
5. DEACFB
6. BDFECA
7. (envoi) ECA or ACE
Ex. Ezra Pound "Sestina: Altaforte,"
http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15423
Works Cited
"Free Verse." The Poetry Archive. The Poetry Archive, 2005. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
"Poetic Form: Sestina." Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
"Poetic Form: Villanelle." Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013. .
Narration:
ReplyDeleteThe act of telling a sequence of events, it refers to any story, prose or verse, involving events, characters, and an interaction between characters. A narration can be a history, biography, or fictional story.
Example: Any literary work.
Wheeler, L. Kip, Dr. "Literary Terms and Definitions: N." Literary Terms and Definitions N. Carson-Newman College, 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
First Person:
The narrator speaks as "I" and may or may not also be a character in the story. They are an active narrator and usually are speaking to an actively listening audience-the reader. This sort of narration is usually limited to the perspective of one person (the narrator) and the story they tell and the way they tell it can become a crucial part of the novel itself.
Example: Jane Eyre!: “I had not intended to love him; the reader knows I had wrought hard to extirpate from my soul the germs of love there detected; and now, at the first renewed view of him, they spontaneously revived, great and strong! He made me love him without looking at me.”
Felluga, Dino Franco. "Definition: First-Person Narration." Definition: First-Person Narration. Purdue University, 31 Jan. 2011. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
Third Person Limited:
The narrator appears to stand just outside the story and narrates what everything does. However, by being limited, the narrator is confined to the experiences, thoughts, emotions, and ideas of one character or, occasionally, a limited number of characters.
Example: "The Beautiful and Damned": “All she wanted was to be a little girl, to be efficiently taken care of by some yielding yet superior power, stupider and steadier than herself. It seemed that the only lover she had ever wanted was a lover in a dream”
Wheeler, L. Kip, Dr. "Literary Terms and Definitions: P." Literary Terms and Definitions N. Carson-Newman College, 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Conceit (also know as metaphysical conceit): Conceit is an elaborate figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes, metaphors, imagery, hyperboles, and oxymorons. It is classified as a subtype of a metaphor.
ReplyDeleteFamous Example: John Donne’s poem, “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”, the speaker compares two souls in love to the points on a geometer’s compass.
Excerpt from poem:
If they be two, they are two so
As stiff twin compasses are two ;
Thy soul, the fix'd foot, makes no show
To move, but doth, if th' other do.
And though it in the centre sit,
Yet, when the other far doth roam,
It leans, and hearkens after it,
And grows erect, as that comes home.
Such wilt thou be to me, who must,
Like th' other foot, obliquely run ;
Thy firmness makes my circle just,
And makes me end where I begun.
"Literary Terms and Definitions: C." Dr. Wheeler's Website. Dr. L. Kip Wheeler. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Hyperbole: A hyperbole is a figure of speech which is an exaggeration. Like a simile and metaphor, a hyperbole compares to objects. The difference is with the exaggeration. Typically, the hyperbole statement is not literally true, but they are used to sound impressive or to emphasize something such as a feeling, effort, or reaction.
Example: Paul Bunyan’s opening remarks about the winter weather in Babe, the Blue Ox.
Excerpt from novel:
“Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before.”
"Examples of Hyperboles." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 10 December 2013. .
Pun: A pun is a play on words, either on different senses of the same word or on the similar sense or sound of different words. In rhetoric terms, it is called paronomasia.
Example:
"A good farmer is nothing more nor less than a handyman with a sense of humus."
(E.B. White, "The Practical Farmer")
"Peace is much more precious than a piece of land."
(Anwar al-Sadat, speech in Cairo on March 8, 1978)
"Yea, and so used it that were it not here apparent that thou art heir apparent."
(Falstaff to Prince Hal in Henry IV, Part 1 by William Shakespeare)
Nordquist, Richard. "Grammar & Composition: Pun." About: Education. N.p.. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Synecdoche- "A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword)."
ReplyDeleteEx. Bread can be used to represent food or money, or when we refer to society being awful, we could actually just be talking about a group of people.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/synecdoche
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-synecdoche.html
Personification- giving an inanimate object characteristics of a human being
Ex. The trees waved hello in the whistling wind.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/personification
Apostrophe- when the author addresses an imaginary character in his speech, often characterized by the saying, "O"
-also, it is a form of punctuation but we don't care about that right now
Ex. "1. William Shakespeare makes use of an apostrophe in his play “Macbeth”:
“Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle toward my hand?
Come, let me clutch thee!
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.”
In his mental conflict before murdering king Duncan, Macbeth has a strange vision of a dagger and talks to it as if it were another person." (Cited directly from source)
http://literarydevices.net/apostrophe/
Consonance- A repetition of consonants, usually at the end of the words and on stressed syllables
ReplyDelete"Consonance." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
ex. A quick stroke of luck
Stanza- a group of lines in a poem / how the poem is divided
"Stanza." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
ex. The first two stanzas of "The Road Not Taken"
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
"The Road Not Taken." Bartleby. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Octet- a group of eight / a poem consisting of eight lines
"Octet." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
ex. "A Minor Bird"
I have wished a bird would fly away,
And not sing by my house all day;
Have clapped my hands at him from the door
When it seemed as if I could bear no more.
The fault must partly have been in me.
The bird was not to blame for his key.
And of course there must be something wrong
In wanting to silence any song.
Frost, Robert. "A Minor Bird." Poem Hunter. N.p., 13 Jan. 2003. Web.
Third Person Omniscient Narration (TPON) - Where the narrator and reader of a story has knowledge beyond that of the protagonist. If the story has more than one character whose minds or actions are persistently broadcasted, this can still be an example of TPON. In general, if the reader is allowed knowledge of anything the protagonist has not the reader is effectively elevated to omniscience. e.g.-Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien's
ReplyDeleteThird Person Limited Narrator (TPLN) – In contrast but still related to TPON, TPLN is the narrative style where the reader views everything through the eyes of the protagonist, and shares all his discoveries. Consequently, we are surprised when he is, sad when he feels like it and so on. For there is only one person to empathize with. But that’s just my read on it. Anyway, this website give Harry Pooter as an example, though I suppose they’re excluding the parts that are focused on Snape like in the half blood prince.
Stream of Consciousness - The protagonist’s thought process is clearly described. Characterized by incomplete sentences, inner desires, emotional outbursts, this style is usually written in the first person and can be seen in Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody. Similar to monologues.
Cites:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_mode
http://www.wikiwrimo.org/wiki/Narration#Third-person_limited
Blank Verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter
ReplyDeleteex. “With thee conversing I forget all time,
All seasons and their change, all please alike.
Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet,
With charm of earliest birds; pleasant the sun
When first on this delightful land he spreads
His orient beams, on herb, tree, fruit, and flower,
Glistering with dew; fragrant the fertile earth
After soft showers; and sweet the coming on
Of grateful evening mild, then silent night
With this her solemn bird and this fair moon,
And these the gems of heav'n, her starry train:
But neither breath of morn when she ascends
With charm of earliest birds, nor rising sun
On this delightful land, nor herb, fruit, flower,
Glistring with dew, nor fragrance after showers,
Nor grateful evening mild, nor silent night
With this her solemn bird, nor walk by moon,
Or glittering starlight without thee is sweet.” - excerpt from Paradise Lost
McLaughlin, Damon. "Blank Verse." Craft ofPoetry. N.p., 23 Aug 1999. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Sonnet Cycle/ Sonnet Sequence/ Corona/ Crown of Sonnets: a set of seven sonnets that all revolve around a similar subject or idea. The first line of the first sonnet is the final line of the last sonnet, and for sonnets in the middle of the sequence, each sonnet begins with repeating the line that the previous sonnet ended on.
Ex. http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/sonnet-cycle-for-lady-magdalen/
Roovers, Lenny. "Crown of Sonnets." The Poets Garret. N.p., 12 Jan 2002. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
"Sonnet Sequence." The Free Dictioanry. Farkex Inc., n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Near/Off/Half/Slant Rhyme: The use of words that do not rhyme completely, but have certain sounds in common. Will Often use only consonance or only asonance to create a rhyme.
ex. mile and mole, grown and moon, dry and died
"Off Rhyme." The Free Dictionary . Farlex In c., n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Consonance
ReplyDeleteAccording to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, consonance means “harmony or agreement among components.” In Latin, “consonance” means “agree sounds.” It is the repetition of consonant sounds. Usually, the repetition is during the final consonant sounds. Consonance is also known as “half rhyme” or “slant rhyme.”
Example:
‘T was later when the summer went
Than when the cricket came,
And yet we knew that gentle clock
Meant nought but going home.
‘T was sooner when the cricket went
Than when the winter came,
Yet that pathetic pendulum
Keeps esoteric time.
by Emily Dickinson
In the poem, Dickinson uses consonance in her repetition of “m” sounds, which are italicized above.
Sources:
"Consonance." Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
"Literary Devices." Literary Devices. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Nordquist, Richard. "Consonance." About.com Grammar & Composition. About.com, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
Stanza
A stanza is the arrangement of lines within a poem. Oftentimes, a stanza is four or more lines. Sometimes stanzas have a fixed length, rhyme scheme, or meter. Each stanza is a division of a poem. Examples of stanzas are: couplet, which is a stanza wng sometimes a song of tith two rhyming lines; tercet, which is made up of three lines; and quatrains, made up of four lines. The lines in tercets and quatrains may or may not rhyme.
Example:
“My mother’s maids, when they did sew and spin,
They sahe field mouse,
That for because their livelihood was but so thin.
Would needs go seek her townish sister’s house.
Would needs She thought herself endured to much pain:
The stormy blasts her cave so sore did souse…”
The example above is a tercet with a rhyme scheme of ABA.
Sources
"Literary Devices." Literary Devices. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
"Stanza." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Octet
“Octet” is another word for “octave.” In poetry, an octave is a stanza of eight lines that fit together cohesively in a poem.
Example:
From the four winds, crossing the Earth,
One brought water…so much
Wind fell still, but the rain
Came down, Angels cried
For this world’s sins,
Soaking grounds…
Praying
Why?
Bishopp, Kristie. "Definition of an Octet | EHow." EHow. Demand Media, 12 May 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
"Octet - Writing.Com." Octet - Writing.Com. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Epistrophe: A repetition of a word or phrase at the end of a sentence to add emphasis to an idea. Epistrophe is very common in speeches made by politicians who are trying to get people behind a movement of theirs.
ReplyDeleteex. "The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divides us has come."-- Nelson Mandela
source: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/epistrophe
Inversion: The reversal or scrambling of the normal word order in a sentence. It is found in speeches, plays, and also literature.
ex "Not in the legions
Of horrid hell can come a devil more damned
In ills to top Macbeth."
(William Shakespeare, Macbeth)
source: http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/Inversion.htm
Figurative language: A way of comparing two things in a way that changes your perspective over a subject. The comparison can highen your senses or surprise you in some fashion.
ex. “The poorest man is the richest, and the rich are poor.”
“I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.”
source: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-figurative-language.html
Plot
ReplyDeleteDefinition: The plan, scheme, or story line of a work or literature or dramatic work.
Example: Characters travel from place to place and perform sometimes violent actions, but the novel doesn't proceed along a plot line.
"Plot." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com LLC, n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Exposition
Definition: A work of writing or a speech intended to explain or convey information (a detailed statement or explanation)
Example: The level of exposition is generally high, though none of it is light reading.
"Exposition." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com LLC, n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013. .
Inciting Action
Definition: The part of a story or plot were it starts to get exciting and action starts to take place. It is the part of a story meant to grab the readers attention
Example: The inciting action of Hamlet is when the two guards first see the ghost of king Hamlet.
http://rison.k12.ar.us/leopard/blue_sheets.htm
Diction:
ReplyDelete1. the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.
2. the style of enunciation in speaking or singing.
example: "Wordsworth campaigned against exaggerated poetic diction."
"Diction - Google Search." Diction - Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Style: the manner in which an author chooses to write to his or her audience. A style reveals both the writer's personality and voice, but it also shows how she or he perceives the audience.
Example: "Chuck Klosterman writes in a very informal and conversational style."
"Writing Style." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 May 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Voice: the individual writing style of an author, a combination of idiotypical usage of syntax, diction, punctuation, character development, dialogue, etc., within a given body of text (or across several works).
Example: "his conversational style and simple diction gave him a very distinct and unique voice."
"Writer's Voice." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Nov. 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Protagonist:
ReplyDeleteThe main character in a novel, play, movie, etc., An important person who is involved in a competition, conflict, or cause
Example: Harry Potter is the protagonist in the Harry Potter Series
"Protagonist." Merriam Webster. Merriam-Webster Inc., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Antagonist:
A person who is opposed to, struggles against, or competes with another; opponent
Example: The Grinch is the antagonist in “How the Grinch Stole Christmas”
"Antagonist." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com LLC, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Tragic Hero:
A great or virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy who is destined for downfall, suffering, or defeat;
A literary character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy.
Example: Romeo is a tragic hero in “Romeo and Juliet”
"TragicHero." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com LLC, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
flashback - noun - a transition in a novel, movie etc., to an earlier scene or event
ReplyDeleteMr. Scrooge's flashback helped him become a better person, as he saw what he was like in the past and did not want it to become his future.
foreshadowing - verb - to show or indicate beforehand; prefigure
Political upheavals foreshadowed war.
internal conflict - noun - psychological struggle within the mind of a literary or dramatic character, the resolution of which creates the plot's suspense:
Hamlet's inaction is caused by internal conflict.
Work Cited
"flash back." Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. 10 Dec. 2013. .
"foreshadowing." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Dec. 2013. .
"internal conflict." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Dec. 2013. .
Round Character:
ReplyDeleteIt is a character that is fully developed in the story, or developing throughout the story. They have a personality that is complex and very dimensional, almost the complete opposite of a flat character.
Example: Romeo from Romeo & Juliet
Bernado, Karen. "Types of Characters in Fiction." . N.p.. Web. 10 Dec 2013.
Flat Character:
Unlike a round character, they do not have a complex personality. They seem to be very monotone and uninteresting. Flat characters do not change or develop in the story. They can sometimes be considered as the supporting role to the main character.
Example: Ms. Temple from Jane Eyre
Bernado, Karen. "Types of Characters in Fiction." . N.p.. Web. 10 Dec 2013.
Foil Character:
This kind of character makes the main character really stand out. Like actual foil, foil characters reflect the main character and put them in a light, instead of themselves. They can be an enemy or a supporting role, like a friend or a flat character.
Example: Old Spencer from Catcher in the Rye
"Foil." Character and Characterization . N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec 2013.
1. External Conflict: the struggle between a literary or dramatic character and an outside force such as nature or another character, which drives the dramatic action of the story's plot.
ReplyDeleteex. Sometimes there is an external between children and parents
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/external+conflict
2. Motif:any recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story.
ex. In William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", the contrast between light and dark is emphasized in several parts of the story, making it a major motif.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(narrative)
http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/romeojuliet/themes.html
3. Symbol: an object, person, or idea used in a literary work, film, etc., to stand for or suggest something else with which it is associated either explicitly or in some more subtle way
ex. The red room in Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre" is a symbol for Jane's initial struggle of finding freedom, happiness, and a sense of belonging.
"Symbol." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2013.
Rising Action- (N)
ReplyDeleteThe Rising Action is the events of a narrative plot before the climax. In the rising action, a series of related incidents build toward the height of the climax. The rising action can start after the exposition and will continue to build as the story line proceeds.
Ex. Little Red Riding Hood: Wolf comes up to the girl and she tells him where she is going. He suggests she picks some flowers so he can disguise himself and beat her to her grandmother's house.
"Dramatic Structure." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Sept. 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
Spork. "Example of a Plot Line (exposition,rising Action,climax,falling Action, and Resolution)?" Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
Climax (N)-
The climax is the most intense and highest part of a story that is often is a major turning point for the plot. Subsequent to the climax comes the falling action when the story’s problem usually becomes resolved.
Ex. In Catching Fire when Katniss Everdeen and Peeta Mellark are reentered into the Hunger Games, the only victors from District 12.
"Climax." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
Denouement (resolution):
The final bit of a story or play when the pieces are finally stringed together and the confusing events are explained. Denouement is usually most times referred to as the final scene.
Ex. In the movie “The Hunger Games”, Katniss and Peeta both decide to try and beat the system by ingesting poisonous raspberries that will kill them both, leaving no victor a winner.
"Denouement - Google Search." Denouement - Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
Mood:
ReplyDeleteMood is the atmosphere that is created through words and descriptions. It is further developed through theme, setting, diction, and tone.
Example:
A calm and peaceful mood is found in Charles Dickens following quote from his novel “Pickwick Papers:”
”The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, glistened and sparkled as it flowed noiselessly on.”
Citation: "Literary Devices." Literary Devices. Magazine Basic, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
Colloquial:
Colloquialism is the use of informal language.
Example:
That guy was so weird.
Citation: "Colloquial." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Dialect:
Dialect is a form of language that belongs to a particular group, class, or region of people.
Example:
Jim has a dialect in Mark Twains’s novel “Huckleberry Finn:”
Jim: "We's safe, Huck, we's safe! Jump up and crack yo' heels. Dat's de good ole Cairo at las', I jis knows it."
Citation: "Literary Terms and Definitions D." Literary Terms and Definitions D. N.p., 25 Oct. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2013.
English (Shakespearean) Sonnet, Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet, Iambic Pentameter
ReplyDeleteEnglish sonnets are fourteen lined poems with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg in iambic pentameter. The earliest known use of the English sonnets is 1890. The volta, or turn, is usually placed in the ninth line.
Italian sonnets are usually iambic pentameter, the first eight lines in a bb aa bb a form and the ending sestet in a combination of either two or three rhymes. Line nine defines the volta.
Iambic pentameter is a series of ten beats in a line divided into two-beat iambs, an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable. It is seen in most sonnets.
"English Sonnet." 2013. .
Miller, Nelson. "Sonnet Central." Basic Sonnet Forms. N.p.. Web. .
"The Poetry Archive." Iambic Pentameter. N.p.. Web. .
Enjambment-
ReplyDeleteDefinition: Enjambment is the continuation of a sentence over a line break. The way a sentence is separated can put emphasis on ideas that would normally be easily read over.
Example: In William Carlos Williams’s poem “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”, enjambment is used several times, such as in the lines: “the whole pageantry / of the year was / awake tingling / near”. Together, these words form a sentence, but the line breaks force us to also see their significance as independent words or phrases.
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End Rhyme-
Definition: End rhyme is the rhyming of the last syllable(s) in a line.
Example: In the song “Blitzkrieg Bop” by the Ramones, there are strong examples of end rhyme, such as in these lines: “They're piling in the back seat / They generate steam heat / Pulsating to the back beat”. “Seat”, “heat”, and “beat” all rhyme, and are located at the end of the lines.
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Perfect Rhyme-
Definition: In a case of perfect rhyme, different consonants are followed by rhyming
Example: In the song “All Hands Against His Own” by the Black Keys, the chorus consists of two lines: “you say you’re all alone / he found all hands against his own”. “Alone” and “Own” differ slightly, but ultimately rhyme perfectly. The previous example “Blitzkrieg Bop” also has a lot of perfect rhyme.
"Enjambment." Enjambment - Glossary - Poetry Archive. Poetry Archive, 2010. Web. 08 Dec. 2013. .
Williams, William Carlos. Collected Poems: 1939-1962. Vol. II. N.p.: New Directions, 1962. Print.
"End Rhyme." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, 2009. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.
Ramone, Tommy, and Dee Dee Ramone. "Blitzkrieg Bop." Rec. Feb. 1976. Ramones. The Ramones. Craig Leon, 1976. MP3.
"Perfect Rhyme." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, 2009. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .
Auerbach, Dan. "All Hands Against His Own." Rec. 2004. Rubber Factory. The Black Keys. The Black Keys, 2004. CD.
CHARACTERIZATION
ReplyDeleteCharacterization is how the author conveys a character to the reader. This could be either directly or indirectly.
DIRECT
The author tells the reader direct statements about how the character is. "Mr. Telles is an awkward man", for example.
INDIRECT
Indirect characterization is when the author tells how the character is from other ques, such as their dialogue, mannerisms, thoughts, motivations, and how other characters respond to them. Connotation is important as well.
Some people like to think of direct characterization as "showing" and indirect as "telling". Indirect is thought to be of as more interesting for the reader, but direct characterization could still be used strongly.
"Narrative Elements - Characterization." Author's Craft. N.p.. Web. 10 Dec 2013.
Ervin, Terry W.. "Direct vs. Indirect Characterization." Fiction Factor. Fiction Factor. Web. 10 Dec 2013.
Indirect characterization- The writer reveals information such as their feelings, morals, and personality of a character rather than tell the reader this information
ReplyDeleteExample- when Jack leads the group of chorus boys in the beginning he appears as a person who is usually in charge (Lord of the Flies)
http://www.fictionfactor.com/guests/characterization.html
Dynamic character- characters that develop as the story and conflict unfold
Example When Jane was at first a whinny child who acted depressed and as if she always wanted to be alone. But then as the book went on to show how she would work for what she wanted. (Jane Eyre)
http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/dynamic.htm
Static character- A character that stays the same throughout conflict usually minor characters
Example- Luna Lovegood does change her character through out the few book she is in (Harry Potter series)
http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/glossary/g/static.htm
Epigraph: a quotation at the beginning of a poem, short story, book chapter, or other piece of literature. The epigraph introduces or refers to the larger themes of the piece: in a way, it may help draw the reader's attention to these ideas, setting the stage. The epigraph, unlike quotations that occur within a work, does not require quotation marks.
ReplyDeleteCitation: "Epigraph." About.com Fiction Writing. About, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013.
Example: Earnest Hemingway’s use of Gertrude Stein’s quote in his book The Sun Also Rises.
Epiphany: A term in literary criticism for a sudden realization--a flash of recognition in which someone or something is seen in a new light.
Citation: "Epiphany." About.com Grammar & Composition. About, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013.
Example: In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet has a sudden realization about his plan to revenge Claudius.
dramatic irony, in literature, a plot device in which the audience’s or reader’s knowledge of events or individuals surpasses that of the characters. The words and actions of the characters therefore take on a different meaning for the audience or reader than they have for the play’s characters. This may happen when, for example, a character reacts in an inappropriate or foolish way or when a character lacks self-awareness and thus acts under false assumptions.
ReplyDeleteExample: In Romeo and juliet when romeo finds juliet in her crypt and believes she is dead, the audience knows that she is just in a deep sleep. He kills himself based on an assumption the audience knows is false this makes his actions dramatically ironic.
Situational Irony: A form of Irony. A plot device where in a characters actions have the opposite result as what was intended.
Example: Alfred Nobel invented dynamite with the intention of creating something that was so destructive that people would be too afraid to ever wage war again. In reality it only gave countries a more powerful and deadly weapon to wage war